Background and purpose: Oculogyric crisis which is a dystonic reaction commonly caused by typical antipsychotics treatment of acute dystonias, rarely occurs with atypical antipsychotics like clozapine. The aim of this report was to describe a rare case of clozapine-induced oculogyric crisis successfully treated with biperiden. Case: The patient was a 42-year-old woman with a 19-year history of schizophrenia treated with high-potency typical antipsychotics, risperidone and lithium augmentation with appropriate doses and duration. Because of poor response to prior medications, she was prescribed clozapine started with 25 mg/d and gradually titrated up to 150 mg/d. She has experienced two episodes of oculogyric crisis treated successfully with biperiden. Discussion: Although low affinity of clozapine for blocking D2 dopaminergic receptors and its anticholinergic activity may explain the significantly lower incidence of dystonic reactions, they may happen in some patients and could be suppressed with biperiden. Conclusion: Clinicians should consider dystonic reaction as a possible clozapine adverse effect and on the basis of this report, clozapine-induced oculogyric crisis may be treated successfully with biperiden.

With the fall of Reza Shah in September of 1941, lack of grain was the main problem of some cities in Iran. The causes of this problem were the presence and occupation of the country by the Allies, and hoarding wheat by the hoarder. Ghazvin was amongst the cities which encountered with the bread crises due to the mentioned reasons. The main issue of the present research was descriptive-analytical consideration of bread crisis process in the city and the gained result shows that concerning the peak of bread crisis in 1942, people were in severe hardship and that situation led to negative consequences. In order to control the crisis the government paid attention to provide the breads coupon, but the bread quality was very low because some uneatable materials were added to the dough by bakers. Some other solutions were carried out to control the crisis in the country during 1943 and 1944. Import of wheat from abroad, preparing programs to increase the wheat production and seed improvement, issuance of grain and bread regulations in order to prevent hoarding of wheat were amongst the solutions which controlled the crisis. Meanwhile, people’s complaints of shortage and expensiveness of bread and authorities’ efforts to contain the crisis played an important role in accelerating the termination process of crisis. The reports indicated a decrease in bread price in Ghazvin since mid 1943.

Background: War threatens the Middle East region's access to essential and highly needed resources. However, some countries are more vulnerable than others to food shortages and unrest. The present study investigates the impact of the Ukraine war and the bread crisis in the Middle East. Methods: Search engines including PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Google scholar were applied with keywords such as Ukraine, war, bread, crisis, Russia, and the Middle East to find related articles published up to 2022. Results: The war in Ukraine was a full-scale crisis since the two countries involved in the war supplied 30% of the world's grain production. About 75% of the world's sunflower oil is also produced in Russia and Ukraine, which has caused the risk of a food crisis in the world and can increase the level of hunger and malnutrition in the Middle East, Central Asia, and its surroundings. Conclusion: According to the mentioned cases, it can be said that there is not a very clear future for the Middle East countries in terms of food supply, which have been severely affected by the war in Ukraine in the current situation.

With the occupation of Iran during Second World War, government of Iran invited Arthur Millspaugh, PhD., as the Administrator - General of Finances. One of the most important of his issues was the crisis of bread. The aim of this article is to answer this main question: What had he done for solving the crisis of bread in 1321-1323 and what were the consequences of his policy. In order to answer these questions, sources such as available documents in National Archive of Iran, Foreign Ministry Archive, 13th and 14th periods of National Council's negotiations and Etela’at Newspaper have been studied in descriptive - analytical. Some of Millspaugh’s policies were: the dissolution of the Ministry of Provision, intensification on monopoly of wheat and grain, establishment of an office called "cereal and bread section" which was responsible for collecting cereal, administrating bakers and delivering bread and wheat. This article tries to study and analyze the scale of these policies.

One of the basic crises faced by the Fatimid government since their arrival in Egypt is the bread crisis and its shortage. They applied several strategies to control and manage the consequences of the bread crisis. This article wants to answer this question: What economic policy did the Fatimids adopt to control the shortage or high cost of bread or the resulting crises? The findings of the research show that the bread crisis management measures in the Fatimid government were focused on "supply control" as the control of human factors disrupting the bread market instead of "demand control". In addition, in the management of the bread crisis, depending on the causes of its occurrence, measures such as: Reducing or temporarily stopping grain exports, planning to increase grain imports, allocating cash subsidies to flour and bread and its direct distribution, reforming the distribution network and reducing the share of middlemen in the production and distribution cycle, direct involvement in determining the price of bread, controlling monopoly and hoarding in Bread supply and distribution network and dealing with disruptive and profit-seeking human factors, credit purchase of grain from production and distribution, activation of economic institutions regulating the market and cancellation of all types of grain purchase and sale taxes. The research method in this article is the description and analysis of data collected from historical sources.

Since the emergence of modernity, and in response to its myriad aspects and potentials, which are constantly unfolding, countless reactions have kept emerging in almost all quarters of the globe. A large variety of anti-modern reactions, the common core of which is perhaps the idea that modernity, in one way or another, is illegitimate, stand out among these responses. According to some of these anti-modern responses, modernity has usurped the characteristics and features of religion, which has been the soul as well as the main shaping force of the pre-modern era and has reproduced it in a corrupted form. Two German-speaking philosophers, Karl Popper and Hans Blumenberg, are among the intellectuals who have defended modernity against the onslaught of anti-modern tendencies. In this paper, I briefly, though critically, compare and contrast the approaches as well as some of the arguments of these two thinkers in defence of modernity.

Zanjan city had played a significant role in contemporary history, due to being located between Tehran and Azarbaijan. During World War II, this city due to the placement on the levelled roads and railway attracted the attention of Allies at first. when Iran was divided between The Allies at 1320, Zanjan and other northern cities was transferred to Soviet. After this turning point, the Soviet's political-economic encroachment and interference in Zanjan city is appeared and the cause of the shortage of bread and cereal was the plunder measures of them in Zanjan. The Present study seeks to explain the condition of Zanjan during the World War II as long as looking for the answer of this question: what was the effect of The Allies' economic orientation in the dearth and famine, shortage of bread and cereal in Zanjan? According to the documents from 1319, wheat and other products' harvest in zanjan was in a good amount But The Soviets caused the shortage of bread and the local people's revolt with some steps such as buying wheat from free market, exporting the excess amount of wheat and other products and also dealership and hoarding. ‏The present research approach is descriptive-analytic and the data has been collected by documentary method and library resources, field research and oral interview.

One of the important issues facing the government and the people In the Mozhafari era was a phenomenon called famine and the crisis of bread. This has endangering consequences, including trade and trade stagnation, severe decline in cultivation, the spread of contagious diseases, migration Caused mortality and insecurity to the people. This crisis has led to the spread of poverty, theft, and so on. As a result, there are many urban protests during the Mozhafi period, which led to the Constitutional Revolution. This paper aimes to study the causes and factors of the bread crisis in the Mozafari era, and its process and its consequences, based on the documents and historical sources. The main focus of this paper is based on the findings of the answer to the following questions: 1. what was the cause and frequency of famine in the mosquito period? What are the social and economic outcomes of the bread crisis?

The crisis of bread in the Qajar era was directly linked to social, economic and political goals and programs. Khamseh province with central Zanjan was one of the most important points of production and distribution of cereals,But in the constitutional years until the late Qajar, it was very difficult. At this time, despite the few years of rainfall, cereals were produced as needed in the region,But the bread didn’t get to the people or was offered at a high price and barely. What is clear was that the role and position of different elders and groups in this regard was not ineffective. So the issue of research is what was the interference and policies of the elders and groups of influence in the Khamseh bread crisis? And what were the consequences and results? It Seems that with Naser al-Din Shah’s decree regarding the sale of Governmental lands, the upper class got a lot of land, On the other hand, with the absence of permanent army and precise law on militarization, some urban groups, such as the bakers, entered the military, which created numerous crises in Khamseh with hoarding and expensive. In the constitutional years and after, due to the weakness of the government and the possibility of cooperation between the landowners and the army of Khamsa with the agents of the deposed Shah Muhammad Ali and the presence of weak agents, the obstacles and problems continued. This led to the famine and death of some people with the arrival of foreign forces and the revelation of World War I. The present study, using the original sources and documents, examines the subject in a descriptive-explanatory way.

To achieve favorable outcomes in breeding programs, selection of parents based on General Combining Ability (GCA) and Specific Combining Ability (SCA) is so important. In order to study the genetic parameters, general and specific combining abilities and the type of disease resistance genes action against take-all disease in bread wheat, 6 wheat genotypes (729, 1622, 2109, 1528, 1546 and 1526) were crossed in one-way diallel cross. Seeds of F1 generations (F1s) and parents were planted in the research greenhouse of Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Iran and take-all disease tolerance, stem and root dry weights, tiller number and elements such as manganese (Mn), zink (Zn), potassium (K) and iron (Fe) concentrations in plant tissue were measured. The results of Griffing analysis showed that general and specific combining abilities were significant for all traits except tiller number and K element. In terms of Take-all disease resistance, the best general combiners were 1622 and 729 genotypes, respectively. The best resistant hybrids were 2109×1546, 546×1528 and 1622×1526 that had the highest specific combining ability. Evaluation of genetic parameters by Hayman method for disease index and disease score confirmed the results of Griffing analysis and showed that the dominance and over dominance of gene actions had the greatest importance in genetic control of the resistance to take-all disease (T-41 isolation). Finally, due to low narrow sense heritability and low genetic ratio in resistance to take-all disease, it can be concluded that selection for resistance to take-all disease does not respond well in early generations, so selection after purity, that done by bulk, single-seed descent and double haploid methods can be effective in wheat breeding.